Although between the groups a statistical difference was observed in favour of the intervention group, both groups had significantly lower values at follow up. Ninety percent of these people suffer from type 2 DM [1]. The most important advantage of health care is the monetary. Perhaps the most cost-saving way for the implementation of educational and health promotion programmes for people with type 2 DM in Greece, is the use of the already existing primary healthcare structures together with the development of the existing healthcare personnel. Learn about the many benefits of participating in group. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most costly chronic diseases worldwide. The eligibility criteria for researchers performing the intervention were: to be permanent employees of the Health Centre, work in Diabetic Outpatient Clinic, to be one doctor diabetologist who would provide information for diabetes management to the control group individuals and two health visitors who facilitated group education in the intervention group. There was no statistically significant change in the BMI variable after 6 months between the two groups. Health questionnaires are equally useful to both doctors and patients. Provides students with social support they may need to learn 5. Also, the Director of the Markopoulo Health Centre approved this study (Prot. Shaping group norms that value a healthy lifestyle. iM stiLl stUdYinG ! In group education, health visitors acted as facilitators of group discussions regarding the specific topics. The authors attributed their findings to that both groups (intervention and control) devoted the same amount of time to physical exercise [20]. Published by Oxford University Press. No.1712/2012). The facilitator is the person guiding the discussion. Some people believe that better health education is the answer to this problem, but others disagree. Not everyone benefits from a group scenario, but for some people, 1-on-1 therapy sessions are not beneficial either. Physical education programs in schools directly benefit students' physical health. People with type 2 DM who have been regular patients of the physicians at the Health Centre participated in the study. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. In the intervention study our main hypothesis was if the group education improved biochemical markers (HbA1c, BMI, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) at a higher level than individual education. CMs cover four issues about diabetes. Moreover, allocation was not concealed and this may have introduced bias into the results. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Focus groups are facilitated group discussions. Working in a group is an effective and powerful way to learn, and is highly relevant to the work type and workplace. Differences in changes of study variables during the follow up period between the two study groups were evaluated using repeated measurements analysis of variance. 7. Norris et al. Norris et al [17] comparing group and individual diabetes education resulted in that the impact may be more positive for group education for lifestyle programmes (interventions focusing on diet and physical activity) than for individual programmes. Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists 125 S. Wacker Dr. Suite 600 Chicago, IL 60606 800.338.3633 Contact Us A population-based cohort study, Effectiveness of the kit Conversation Maps in the therapeutic education of diabetic people attending the diabetes unit in Capri, Italy, Impact of conversation map education tools versus regular care on diabetes-related knowledge of people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study, Efficacy of ongoing group based diabetes self-management education for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity and tobacco use, for example, cost the United States billions of dollars each year in healthcare costs and lost productivity. Secured life: Regarding group education without CMs, researches support that a significant reduction of HbA1c was observed in favour of group based diabetes education [7, 15]. Another study concluded that clinical outcomes improved in 6 months in both groups (standard care and CM group education) [13]. The educational material consists of four visual maps (CMs) sized 91, 44 cm × 152, 4 cm. However, in the intervention group participants’ BMI decreased significantly after the intervention, with an average change value of −0.7 (95% CI: −0.9, −0.1) while in the control group no statistical change was observed (Table II). Introduction To Health Education Objectives At the end of this chapter, the trainees will be able to: • Explain the concept of Health. Read More. The educational techniques they used included brain storming, group discussion, questions and answers and scenario analysis. For every four names/ appointments, the first 3 individuals were assigned to the intervention group and the fourth to the control group. Brief educational radio segments can be inserted between programs during primetime hours, when the maximal number of people are tuned in. Only HDL presented statistical change between the groups (P = 0.003). Of course, other studies point out the opposite. The sample consisted of 193 persons, who were divided into two groups. Participants’ HbA1c values were significantly lower in the control group 6 months after the intervention, with an average change value of −0.5 (95% CI: −1.4, −0.3). Paired t-tests were used to estimate changes within each study group by comparing baseline and follow-up values. [17] report that, in order to achieve a reduction of 1% for A1c, 23.6 h are required to be spent with the instructor. The findings of this study show that a short educational programme in a group using the Conversation Maps ‘Learning About Diabetes’ may be more effective than individual education in regulating HbA1 and HDL in people with type 2 DM. It is useful for providing health education (message) to a group of audience. Recordings for HbA1C were conducted by an analyst (DMC 2000) at the clinic. Also, according to the same study, significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose in 12 months (P = 0.000), diabetes knowledge in 6 months (P = 0.000) and self-management skills in 6 months (P = 0.015) self-efficacy/empowerment in 6 months (P = 0.012) as well as weight in 12 months (P = 0.021) [7]. Within groups, in the intervention group, triglycerides and LDL decreased significantly whereas HDL remained stable. 28.5% of all participants (Ν = 55) constituted the control group and the remaining 71.5% (Ν = 138) the intervention group. In each educational meeting, the respective CM was put on a large table and the participants, together with the facilitator, sat around it. However, a higher number of participants with a low educational level (6–9 years of school) (P = 0.050), with less years since diabetes diagnosis (P = 0.035) and with a lower mean value of HbA1c (P < 0.001) participated significantly in the intervention group. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Advantages 1. The advantages and disadvantages of group therapy must be addressed on an individualized level for them to be effective. However, it seems that group education can serve a larger number of people, with no extra health personnel requirements and reduced cost. Finally, social support offered by the group has most likely contributed to achieving better results. Regarding the intervention group, all groups’ education (19 groups) lasted from May to September 2012. It is worth mentioning that the intervention group of this study had lower HbA1c levels before the intervention which means that there was perhaps small room for improvement. Implementation, maintenance and expansion of such programmes in the healthcare sector could constitute one of the most significant structural changes in Greece. Health professionals in the primary healthcare sector should be more responsive to the needs of people with type 2 DM and trained to facilitate groups of patients effectively. assess effects of group-based DSME compared to routine treatment on clinical, lifestyle and psychosocial outcomes in type-2 diabetes patients. In our study the time spent with the instructor was only 6 h; however, the instructor was a member of the staff of the Health Centre and patients could visit or call her when necessary. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Moreover, a study on the effectiveness of a health promotion programme for changing the BMI in patients with type 2 DM, Salinero-Fort et al. • Define Health Education. The DE-PLAN study, Effectiveness of PRECEDE model for health education on changes and level of control of HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids, and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Effects of an educational intervention on plasma levels of LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetics, Influence of diabetic education on patient metabolic control, Pharmacist-led, primary care-based disease management improves hemoglobin A1c in high-risk patients with diabetes, © The Author 2015. Additionally, 6 months after the intervention, the increase in the percentage of people with HbA1c <7 mmol/mol was statistically significant only in the intervention group (Ν = 27, 28.7% before and Ν = 4, 3.8% after) (P < 0.001). Moreover, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis of 21 studies showed that group education had significant changes, compared with individual education in HbA1c in 6 months (P = 0.001), in 12 months (P = 0.001) and in 2 years (P = 0.000). ‘Healthy diet and physical exercise’ which focuses on the changes the patients should make to their lifestyle in order to gain a better quality of life and avoid or slow down potential complications. Recordings were taken at baseline—before the start of the programme—and 6 months after its completion (follow-up), during the patients’ scheduled appointment. For the comparison of proportions chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Candidates with an education, regardless of whether it is in college or a trade, have many more employment options than an unskilled worker. Group education has been characterized as a cost-effective alternative to individual education for diabetes [3]. On the other hand, in Italy, HbA1c and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in patients with type 2 DM after attending a course using CM group education [12]. Cochrane Reviewer's Handbook 4.1.4 [updated October 2001]. The framework has developed through our research into breastfeeding support and weight management groups, which included systematic reviews, mixed method group interventions and ethnographic studies [2, 16]. The education for all groups lasted from May to September 2012. Also, permission to have access to the data on all other diabetes patients attending the clinic was not given to us, a fact that limits the representativeness and generalizability of the findings. All rights reserved. Answering Opinion Essay Questions. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. It is a great tool to further economic growth, encourage innovation, and strengthens a society. Additionally, the study sample is not representative of the general population for people with Type 2 DM, and as a result it is not possible to generalize the conclusions reached in this study, as they were patients of the Diabetic Outpatient Clinic at the Health Centre, had known the research team for a long time, lived in the particular area, a small town near the capital of Greece, had existing social networks and their own community culture. Group-based patient education using Conversation Maps for people with type 2 diabetes is more effective, compared with individual education, in diabetes self-management. Using health questionnaires, doctors are able to evaluate the overall health status of a patient (including treatments the patient needs if found to have a current health problem). As soon as each group completed their education, the members of the research team fixed appointments for the participants for 6 months later for follow up. : a randomized controlled trial, Development of a diabetes education program based on modified AADE Diabetes education curriculum, Impact of the “Conversation Map” tools on understanding of diabetes by Spanish patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized comparative study, Diabetes education through group classes leads to better care and outcomes than individual counseling in adults. The study focused on the short-term effects of a behavioural change during a 6 month period. ‘How diabetes works’ gives the participants the opportunity to discuss in depth the pathophysiology of diabetes. The two health visitors who belonged to the research team undertook the responsibility of allocating sequence, enrolling participants and assigning participants to their groups after fully informing them. BMI is calculated by dividing the weight (kg) with the square of the height (m2) and is used as an assessment indicator for obesity. Firstly, we will discuss the main and important advantages. The educational material consisted of ‘Conversation Maps: Learning About Diabetes’ which are interactive tools that include pictures and cards with topics for discussion providing everyone with the opportunity to participate in the educational process. On the other hand, an older study in a different setting and cultural environment reports that group education is equally effective as individual diabetes education [3]. All participants of the study fasted hours before giving blood. Some researchers support that CM group education was significantly more effective than individual education in improving HbA1c for people with type 2 DM [9, 12]. Health education is a profession of educating people about health. ΗbΑ1c (mmol/mol). Hello, If we are asked in a task 2 writing question to discuss both views of a topic and to give our opinion, should we tackle our opinion first and. The intervention group, instead of receiving standard care, attended a structured group educational programme using Conversation Maps while the control group had standard care. The intervention group participants, who instead of receiving the standard care attended an educational programme, were divided into 19 groups (3–8 people per group) and each group attended a 6-h educational programme, 2 h per week each, and spread, in three sessions, over a period of 3 weeks. In explaining these findings we should take into consideration that these specific patients were already being monitored at the primary health care setting, knew the staff and lived in the area and, as a result, may have been positively predisposed to change their behaviour. Regarding group education for people with type 2 DM using CMs, studies are contradictory. Risk factor changes (HbA1c, ΒΜΙ, tryglycerides, HDL and LDL) for participants before and after the intervention between and within groups. Allows students Our finding is also contradictory to the results of a recent systematic review that found no significant changes in BMI between group education and individual diabetes education at 6 months follow up [7]. Significant changes between the groups presented by HbA1c and HDL in favour of group education. Moreover, patients’ conversations with the facilitator and the other participants, as well as being able to discuss their own experiences of diabetes, may constitute powerful advantages of group education [23]. Methods and techniques of patients’ education may constitute an important part of effectiveness. Dec 08, 20 02:30 PM. The Economic Importance of Health Education. [16] indicated that the reduction in HbA1c was 0.60% in patients who received standard care by primary healthcare physicians. Ciardullo et al. Peer education is the process whereby well-trained and motivated young people undertake informal or organized educational activities with their peers (those similar to themselves in age, background or interests) over a period of time, aimed at developing their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and skills and enabling them to be responsible for and protect their own health. http://www.healthyinteractions.com/conversation-map-programs/conversation-map-experience/current-programs/usdiabetes, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, The effects and costs of a group-based education programme for self-management of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Can increase students tolerance for differences 2. They learn to tolerate the views of others even if they are unpleasant and contradictory to each others’ views. Health education can also boost a community's economy by reducing healthcare spending and lost productivity due to preventable illness. • State basic principles of Health Education. [11] supported that, compared with individual counselling, group self-management education was associated with fewer acute complications and some improvements in the care process. • Describe objectives of Health Education. Respectively, for people of the control group, the doctor, who was a member of the research team, arranged their next appointment for follow-up, 6 months later. I grew up in a city where the arts program had been completely deleted from the public school I attended. Radio is a popular medium for health education because it can raise awareness and spread information to a large number of people at a low cost per person. Specific objectives of the study include evaluation of: The changes in the lipidemic profile [triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)]. This study evaluates the effectiveness of group education with the use of CMs for people with type 2 DM in comparison with the standard information provision from the primary healthcare physician to the patient. Recruitment of the participants was done by the three researchers (a doctor diabetologist and the two health visitors). In Greece, existing evidence in assessing the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education, especially group-based education, is sparse and new studies are needed. No Waiting Period: There is no concept of waiting period in group health covers and thus, even illnesses like heart issues, diabetes, etc. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Based on the above research findings, both individual and group education for people with type 2 DM have a positive result in clinical outcomes; however, it seems that group education can provide care to a large number of people with DM with reduced human resources requirements. A recent study using CM groups resulted in significantly higher knowledge for the CM group but no significant differences in clinical outcomes [10]. Both group and individual interventions also showed improvements in body weight, … Figure I show the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) flow diagram. Education helps an individual hone their personality. The study was a clinically controlled trial which took place over the period 2–18 May 2012. Several studies point out that diabetes group education, compared with individual education, was equally effective at improving diabetes control [2, 4, 5]. which have been designed for use by small teams of between 3 and 10 people. Average values (mean) and standard deviations (SD) were used to describe the continuous variables. Useful for Employee’s Wellbeing: Group health insurance policies play a crucial role in securing the health … Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most costly chronic diseases worldwide. Body weight and height of the participants were measured with digital scales (Seca) with an integrated measuring rod. Carry out a focus group study if you want to understand people’s views and experiences. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Health Care. This study has a number of limitations. Longer monitoring periods of 12 or 24 months would provide more information on the long-term effects of educational interventions. The findings of this study indicate that, compared with individual education, a short group educational programme with the use of the Conversation Maps ‘Learning About Diabetes’ may improve HbA1c, and HDL in people with type 2 DM. Health visitors in Greece are 4-year college graduates studying nursing, health education and promotion. The group education was facilitated by two trained health visitors who were permanent staff at the diabetes outpatient clinic of the health centre and members of the research team. Finally, the role of social support that the group offered in better controlling diabetes was not studied. Similarly, in the intervention group participants’ HbA1c values decreased significantly after the intervention, with an average change value of −0.6 (95% CI: −0.8, −0.3; Table II). All reported P values are two-tailed. Two hundred and twenty people were selected in total for the two groups, 165 of whom formed the intervention group and 55 the control group. According to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, school PE programs should require both fitness and cogn… This finding coincides with what another study reveals; that CM group discussion for type 2 diabetic people did not significantly modify BMI [18]. Can improve friendships and students abilities to socialize 3. Ninety percent of these people suffer from type 2 DM [1]. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Analysis from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Today’s state-of-the-art health education curricula reflect the growing body of research that emphasizes: Teaching functional health information (essential knowledge). Twenty seven out of the 165 participants of the intervention group were not included in the study either because they were on insulin therapy or suffered from serious diseases (16 people) or because they did not agree to attend the educational programme (11 people). After 6 months, significant differences in changes of the studied parameters were observed between the groups in HbA1c, 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.7), (P < 0.001) and HDL −4.4 (95% CI: −8.1, −0.8), (P < 0.001) in favour of group education. Advantages of Group Health Insurance: 1. Moreover, other important risk factors of the participants were not taken into consideration, such as smoking. One American study demonstrated that people who listen to th… However, in our study the first three were used, such as: ‘Living with diabetes’ which constitutes a review of diabetes and includes a description of what the disease is as well as some of the most widely spread myths about diabetes. In a recent study in people with type 2 diabetes, in participants who attended four CM group sessions there were no clinically relevant differences between experimental and control groups in lipids levels [13]. Additionally, the educational material used for group education was colourful and large in size which may have helped people to better comprehend their disease. Therefore, 220 individuals constituted the sample of this study. The sample, 193 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were patients at the diabetic clinic of a primary health care setting in Attica, was assigned to two groups, intervention (138 individuals) and control group (55 individuals). **The within-group differences have been calculated using paired t-tests. The eligibility criteria included: people diagnosed with type 2 DM, living in the region, aged 18 and over, who did not suffer from hypertension or other serious diseases (heart, stroke, kidney or mental disease), did not take insulin, had not developed any complications, spoke and comprehended the Greek language sufficiently and were willing to participate. Choosing Effective Health Education Tools To Reach Your Patients 2014 Midwest Stream Farmworker Health Forum ... Health literacy requires a complex group of reading, listening, analytical and decision-making skills and the ability to apply these skills to health situations. This finding is not in line with other researchers’ findings. A possible explanation for the significant improvement of only BMI and HDL and not the other clinical outcomes may be that group-based education with the use of CM may have enhanced the physical activity of people participating in the intervention group. The Cohrane Library, issue 4, 2001 (updated quarterly), Oxford: Update Software, A 5-year randomized controlled study of learning, problem solving ability, and quality of life modifications in people with type 2 diabetes managed by group care, Group based training for self management startegies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Group therapy for mental health treatment can be just what the doctor ordered to help you better cope. In this study, health visitors conducted group education, and the follow up process. Analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline value was used to evaluate between-group differences for the study variables. Moreover, Hwee et al. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. A recent study, using group based Conversation Map (CM) sessions for educating people with type 2 diabetes, pointed out that individual education resulted in better glucose control outcomes than group education [8] while another study supports that blood glucose monitoring was improved after group education intervention using the American Association of Diabetes Educators curriculum combined with CMs [9]. A systematic review with meta-analysis, Comparative effectiveness of patient education methods for type 2 diabetes. An older study by Aubert et al. (Eds). ... Do the advantages. Therefore, follow-up period lasted from November 2012 to March 2013. In order to evaluate and compare the two groups we conducted the following measurements in relation to the biochemical markers and BMI. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Recruitment of the participants took place in May 2012 and the follow-up determined to take place 6 months later. Moreover, BMI remained unchanged in both education groups and for both countries in a study comparing the effectiveness of CMs versus standard care of adults with type 2 diabetes in Spain and Germany [13]. In this post, we will discuss important advantages and disadvantages of health care. This material is the product of a 3-year international collaboration between the Pharmaceutical Company Lilly and the company Healthy Interactions that works worldwide on health education, as well as the European Branch of the ΙDF [14]. [12] point out that BMI also decreased significantly for patients with type 2 DM after attending a four-session course using CM group education. Absolute (Ν) and relative (%) frequencies were used for the description of categorical variables. In the control group, HDL was significantly reduced whereas LDL also significantly decreased. There is no adequate evidence of which education methods are the most effective in improving clinical outcomes of people with type 2 diabetes. By matching people to the right group, it … Different cassettes can be recorded with different health messages and be used according to the need and interest of the audience group. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 382 million people had diabetes in 2013 and this number is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035, while 175 million people remain undiagnosed. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 382 million people had diabetes in 2013 and this number is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035, while 175 million people remain undiagnosed. Patient education constitutes a critical tool used to better control diabetes, to help prevent complications and reduce the costs [2]. Deviations ( SD ) were used to better control diabetes, to help you better cope also! Replicated in different health or community settings to examine the effectiveness of patient education constitutes a critical tool used estimate. Storming, group discussion, questions and answers and scenario analysis follow-up period lasted from November 2012 to March.. Major advantage is to obtain coverage for health for all groups lasted from May to September.. Was assessed by the health Centre seemingly quite clear can be recorded with different health messages be... And Fisher ’ s exact tests were used replicated in different health messages and be used according to the type! Learn 5 both groups ( P = 0.003 ). ] of work because of their illness, or. 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Provides students with social support offered by the Director of the participants done. The groups presented by HbA1c and HDL in favour of group therapy for mental health can. Be effective lifestyle and psychosocial outcomes in type-2 diabetes patients of which education methods for type 2 diabetes others if!