bougainville civil war atrocities

(2002). Gillespie, R. (1996). They were confident the company did supply the defence force with the aforementioned equipment. However, the BRA’s leadership was adamant, any permanent solution to the conflict would require: 1) The withdrawal of the government’s security forces from Bougainville; 2) The permanent closure of the mine; and 3) The holding of a referendum to decide the question of independence. Namaliu is hardly an uncompromised source. Following a large protest in April 1988, the PLA’s leaders handed BCL a letter which outlined their demands. En 1763, il quitte l'armée avec le grade de colonel, pour la marine où il est nommé capitaine de frégate. Rio Tinto stands accused of being complicit in these atrocities. That said, communities on Bougainville have yet to be fully briefed on Rio Tinto’s role in defence force operations during the bloody years of 1988-1990. The executive’s aim was to level the social hierarchy that had formed on Bougainville, by expropriating both the mining company and the local elite who had monopolised land, compensation payments, and business opportunities. (eds.) Like East Timor in the 1970s, the con­flict rarely made the headlines. Namaliu was prime minister of PNG from 1988 to 1992. Many Bougainvilleans had turned against the BRA, which had shown itself as capable of atrocities as the defence force. When I heard about those claims, I thought the whole thing was rather unfair.”. Today the opposition to the mine is strongest overseas, especially among Australia's trade unions and non-government organisations. Young freedom fighter from the Bougainville Revolutionary Army in 1994. Polomka, P. The Bougainville Crisis: 1991 Update. In a US class action launched under the Alien Tort Statute, Bougainvillean landowners maintain that Rio Tinto’s subsidiary, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), supplied the military with trucks, fuel, accommodation, storage facilities, mess halls, communications equipment and secretarial services. In response, company executives adamantly denied complicity. Bougainville Revolutionary Army, Communiqué, 29 November 1989. In a desperately unequal world facing a climate emergency, everyone has to pick a side. Bathurst: Crawford House Press. That night BCL’s Managing Director was awoken by a phone call from the company’s General Manager for Commercial, Ken Perry. The PLA was advised that a legislated seven yearly review of the agreement (due that year) would be the most appropriate forum for voicing any concerns over the operation. Then deal with the other issues (BCL, PNG, etc) in their own priority, in their own way in their own time. PNGDF soldiers also began to experiment with the use of mortars on civilian areas, including white phosphorous rounds. Braithwaite, J., Charlesworth, H., Reddy, R., and Dunn, L. (2010). (2003) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. The government’s new strategy was related to BCL by the new Minister of State. Brunnschweiler, C., and Bulte E. H. (2008) 'The resource curse revisited and revised: a tale of paradoxes and red herrings', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 248-264. These conditions were unacceptable to the national government. Memorandum to CRA Directors, 6 December 1988. Having been briefed on BCL’s views, the national government looked for a middle road. For just $5 per month get the Green Left digital edition in your inbox each week. This it was hoped would split the rebels into disparate groups, thus allowing the PNGDF to pick them off one by one. Claims that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of Panguna copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion.. Today the opposition to the mine is strongest overseas, especially among Australia’s trade unions and non-government organisations. Naturally, Rio Tinto wants to take advantage of skyrocketing copper and gold prices by dusting off its old South Pacific jewel. In the following case study you will be exposed to the calculations, relations, and decisions that led two democratic states and a major multinational mining corporation, to organise a systematic campaign of state violence that terrorised the residents of Bougainville for almost a decade. The peace agreement signed in 2001 in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG), ended the most violent conflict in the South Pacific since World War Two. I don’t know what I’d do without my weekly brain food. A bloody civil war ensued, which took up to 20,000 lives on an island of 175,000 people. Both Rabbie Namaliu (Prime Minister 1988-1992) and Michael Somare (Foreign Minister 1988-1992), for example, maintained senior roles in government, despite their support for the blockade and their failure to stop or even acknowledge the PNGDF’s war crimes (indeed Rabbie Namaliu is currently on BCL's Board of Directors). Hawksley, C. (2006). Accounting for Violence in Developing Countries, London: Hurst & Company. Amnesty International said PNG forces stationed in Bougainville during this period took part in extra-judicial killings, village burnings and the rape of women. Amnesty International. Alternatively, you can send your message to editor@greenleft.org.au. In an effort to press the independence question the BRA stepped up its attacks on the mine during May 1989, forcing its closure. A senior PNGDF officer recalls: “We were not trained, we were not prepared, both in training and in our modus operandi. Situated on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) eastern border with the Solomon Islands, the company's Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down in November 1988 by traditional landowners who objected to the mine’s environmental and social effects. Despite its remote location the development of a major copper deposit in Bougainville’s Crown Prince Ranges made the island one of PNG’s most strategically significant areas. BCL was profoundly disappointed with this decision. Ona, F. (1990) ‘Declaration of Independence – Republic of Bougainville’, in Polomka, P. Bougainville: Before the Conflict. According to Regan (1996), the BRA began countering emerging loyalist sentiment through arrests, interrogation, torture and executions. (ed.) Case Study published 2012. Il devient avocat, puis s'engage dans l'armée. Available online. Political Geography, 20, 561-584. Arnson, C. J. and Zartman, I. W. (2005) Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed and Greed, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. It wasn't just the "ambassador." The war crimes committed by government security forces in the conflict were horrific. Ogan, E. (1990). Canberra: Pandanus Books. ‘Papua New Guinea at Thirty: Late Decolonisation and the Political Economy of Nation-Building’, Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 161–173. Bougainville is a semi-autonomous, resource-rich region of PNG with its own administration, but dependent on the national government for most of its income. We didn’t have the logistics to go in, but when you have a call out, and the national government wants you to go, what do you do? Both organisations provided considerable assistance. ‘A Bougainville Interim Government: Perspective on Early Peace Efforts’, in Carl, A., and Garasu, L. The mine b… (eds.) At this stage in the dispute BCL feared that the PLA was intending to alter the legal arrangements which governed the mining operation, using threats and emotive rhetoric. These parties include: Bougainville Interim Government (BIG) Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) Papua New Guinea Government Forces The Pro-Government Resistance Australian … loyalist) force. The Bougainville Civil War, also known as the Bougainville conflict, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment: Sequencing Peace in Bougainville. Bathurst: Crawford House Press. Lasslett, K. (2010) A Critical Introduction to State-Corporate Crime, International State Crime Initiative, Available online. Completely isolated from the outside world, the BRA and their political arm, the Bougainville Interim Government, were unable to normalise social conditions on the island during 1990. A peace agreement resulted in the creation of the Autonomous Bougainville Government. Bougainvillean nurse, Sister Ruby Mirinka, recalled: “One of the victims was a 24-year-old pregnant woman. Aware that something significant was being planned, BCL’s Managing Director, Robert Cornelius, relayed his concerns to the company’s Chairman, ahead of a meeting with the PNG government. WOMEN WORK TO ADDRESS SILENCE OVER WAR ATROCITIES IN POST-CONFLICT BOUGAINVILLE August 20, 2016 12:00 am Published by Catherine Wilson Leave your thoughts. Our goal is not only to expose the lies, hypocrisy and bias of the billionaire class and their media: we seek to help the organising efforts of all those actively resisting the increasingly authoritarian rule of the corporate rich, here and overseas. While this alone was remarkable just before the turn of the millennium, what is absolutely astonishing was that the weapons had been “resurrected” from the WWII battlefields. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Ted Diro, the Minister of State, and Ben Sabumei, the Minister for Defence, persuaded their cabinet colleagues that a state of emergency must be declared, and the BRA neutralised using military force. Facing severe financial and logistic constraints the national government turned to the mine’s operator, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), and PNG’s principal international benefactor, Australia, to prop up the PNGDF. Operation Footloose, as it was known, aimed to fracture the BRA command using extreme force. Bougainville – Blood on our Hands: Australia’s Role in PNG’s War. A new mining law was passed last month by the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), opening up talk of the reopening of the Panguna mine – the catalyst of a 10-year civil war. This Accord examines the creative initiatives that helped to end the violence, and describes an indigenous peace process that drew on the strengths of Melanesian traditions. The Bougainville Crisis, Bathurst: Crawford House Press. (1990) ‘Bougainville is a Special Case’, in May, R. J. and Spriggs, M. Standish, B. (1997). Bougainville Copper Limited (1988), Meeting Minutes, 18 November. This they hoped would allow the mine to be repaired, while the BRA was gradually neutralised. Okole, H. (1990). Perry informed Cornelius that at around 12:30am militants had initiated a campaign of arson, which had damaged BCL’s accounting office, executive guest house, and engineering drawing office (over the coming days the attacks became more focused on paralysing the mine’s power supply). You can also add a donation to your support by choosing the solidarity option of $20 per month. Lasslett, K. (2009). However, the BRA successfully shut the mine down just hours after its re-opening, while the peace agreement signing was stayed when a Provincial Minister involved in its construction was assassinated. BCL responded favourably. Consequently, BCL refused to meet the PLA’s demands, and instead affirmed their commitment to meeting the company’s existing obligations as set out under the Bougainville Copper Agreement. (eds.) Australian supplied helicopters – which arrived in July – were immediately put to use, “offensive fire was regularly directed from the helicopters at suspected targets, including villages. PNG’s Defence Minister boasted, “we have shown the military destruction that can be caused, if ever they decided to start again. Similarly, Australia’s Foreign Minister, who presided over one of the least known but nonetheless egregious periods in Australia’s foreign policy history, went on to become the head of the International Crisis Group, a major international NGO committed to conflict prevention and resolution. According to Rogers (2002: 238) Colonel Nuia “was a hardliner with little sympathy for the secessionists”. (Optional) Enter your postcode for local activist event updates. The referendum was part of a ceasefire agreement that ended a brutal decade-long civil war in 1998, which was followed by the 2001 signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement. Many are against the controversial idea, but Australian-based campaigner Vikki John from the Bougainville Freedom Movement, said there were issues with getting their message out. (2000). Sadly, no one has ever been charged or tried for the war crimes committed on Bougainville. ... justice to victims is an immense challenge given that there has been no investigation into the scale and details of atrocities. So we supported them every way we could.”. He is also the Chancellor of the Australian National University. CLAIMS that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of the copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion. Without the Prime Minister’s consent, the Police Commissioner ordered the mobile squads to arrest PLA leaders, a move which violated an amnesty that had been granted to landowners by the national government. Denoon, D., and Spriggs, M. The International State Crime Initiative would like to thank the following contributors: Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films who provided excerpts from their documentary film, 'An Evergreen Island'. In response, the PLA decided to escalate their anti-mine activities. Photo by Francis O'Neill, via eco-action.org. The villages were varying from five or six houses to 20 or 30 houses.”. Sharp, N. (1997). However, it is clans who own the land which mining companies must access to extract the minerals and build essential facilities. Available online. While a class-action has been taken against BCL by the landowners, the company nonetheless remains hopeful of returning to the island. (1990). (2007), ‘The Dynamics of Papua New Guinea’s Democracy: An Essay’, Pacific Economic Bulletin, 22/1: 135–157. They must sort out their own civil war based problems first. Our side is — and always will be — that of the 99%. The government offered the moderates a generous peace settlement if they could persuade villagers to withdraw their support for the more radical PLA executive. The Police Minister later boasted to parliament “bones rattled on the island” (National Parliament of PNG, Record of Proceedings, 14 March, 1990). located on Bougainville island has pro­ duced no copper and gold due to sabot­ age by village landowners. ‘Mining and Civil Conflict: Revisiting Grievance at Bougainville, Minerals’, Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report, 21(2), 23–35. Regan, A. J., and Griffin, H. M. May, R. J. Result: Bougainville Peace Agreement Establishment of the Autonomous Bougainville Government; Belligerents Papua New Guinea. Perhaps BCL was unaware of the ends to which this logistic support would be applied? This framework received a major boost when the military revolted against the national government’s plan to employ the private military company, Sandline International, during early 1997. Moreover, internal ruptures began to appear as people grew tired of deprivation and a growing law and order problem (an under-resourced BRA failed to provide any systematic policing service). The Bougainville Crisis, Bathurst: Crawford House Press. Using the defence aid supplied by Australia and BCL the PNGDF conducted a series of offensive operations during July and August 1989. According to a former District Commander of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC): “Basically the mobile squad people are semi-military, they are aggressive, they don’t do what normal policeman do, they go in there and they beat a few heads in. Extra-judicial killings, forced displacement, the internment of civilians, and the denial of humanitarian aid, were just some of the egregious tactics employed by the military. I am talking frankly, they will knock a few heads in, burn a few houses down, shoot a few pigs, shoot at cars … The mobile squads operated with a modus operandi of frightening people” (Personal Communication, 2006). Dom Rotheroe who provided excerpts from his documentary film, 'A Coconut Revolution'. No senior official from Australia or PNG has been formally censured, let aloneMore It was no longer a land compensation issue nor a tribal conflict. Griffin, J. Following peace negotiations with PLA activists, the national government announced that in return for the executive’s cooperation in recovering stolen explosives, the government would initiate a review of the Bougainville Copper Agreement. 'State Crime by Proxy: Australia and the Bougainville Conflict', British Journal of Criminology, 52(4), 705-723. At the time, the Panguna open cut mine was the largest in the world. Tombs (forthcoming), 'State-Corporate Symbiosis in the Production of Crime and Harm', State Crime, 1(2). The war has been described as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II, with an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Bougainvillean dead. I am sure they are attracting a degree of community support from war-weary Bougainvilleans looking to rebuild their shattered island. These allegations were featured in a hard-hitting Dateline report aired on SBS TV in 2011. Memorandum to the Chairman, 22 November 1988. (1992). CLAIMS that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of the copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion. Consequently, when customary landowners used industrial sabotage to close the mine in 1988, this regional dispute soon transformed into a major national crisis. Bougainville Campaign: November 1943-August 1945 Under U.S. Navy aircraft and gunfire support, Task Force 31, led by Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, USN, landed First Marine Amphibious Corps, led by Lieutenant General Alexander A. Vandergrift, USMC, at Cape Torokina, Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Despite its attempt to glorify war and promote nationalist myths, he gives an honest account of Australian atrocities in war-both in decisions by the ruling class to throw away lives joining unnecessary conflicts and in the war crimes committed by the military in waging them. Full text of "Universal Periodic Review: Bougainville Civil Society Shadow Report" See other formats TO: civilsocietyunit@ohchr.org CC: Christina.saunders@ohchr.org UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW on PapUO New Guinea BOUGAINVILLE CIVIL SOCIETY STAKEHOLDER REPORT TO OHCHR 1. Unsatisfied with BCL’s legalistic approach, the PLA set up a road-block on 16 May 1988, which prevented the mine from operating for several hours. As a result, in late March the mobile squads were instructed by the national government to restore order, with assistance from the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). An anti-war movement evolved on Bougainville during the mid-1990s, spearheaded by womens’ groups, NGOs, and the church. Fearing negative exposure, the national government banned the media from entering Bougainville. Bougainville: Perspectives on a Crisis. NSW government under scrutiny for strip searches, 'war on drugs', Morocco and Israel agree to normalise a sordid relationship, Refugees forcibly relocated from Mantra Hotel in Melbourne, Moreland council condemns secret immigration detention centre. Frightened, ignorant thugs with guns a long way from home.”, Another executive remembered surveying the destruction inflicted upon local villages by government forces during April 1989: “Forty, 50 villages, and the crops [were destroyed]. They claimed Rio Tinto’s equipment was commandeered by the defence force after the mine had been abandoned. Having marshalled 500 PNGDF troops, 300 RPNGC mobile squad officers, and 100 Correctional Service officers, Colonel Nuia implements a major military offensive in January 1990 in a last ditch effort to nuetralise the rebels and reopen the mine (by this stage BCL’s cash reserves were seriously depleted). However, the PNGDF lacked the operational capacity to undertake this extensive military campaign alone. Situated on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) eastern border with the Solomon Islands, the company's Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down in November 1988 by traditional landowners who objected to the mine’s environmental and social effects. Spriggs (1992: 13) observes the military blockade “was total, including a blockade on any medical supplies, and was therefore tighter than that placed around Saddam Hussein’s Iraq”. (1990). (2006) State-Corporate Crime: Wrongdoing at the Intersection of Business and Government, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutdgers University Press. Ten years of fighting for autonomy from Papua New Guinea and a brutal civil war ravaged the country in the 80s and 90s. ‘In Between: Personal Experiences In the 9-Year Long War on Bougainville’. Bougainville Civil War; District map of Bougainville (North Solomons) Date: 1 December 1988 – 20 April 1998: Location: Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Sea. Only then we will be able to save the lives of our people in Bougainville … Please be united and walk side by side. (eds. (eds.) To meet the shortfall, the PNGDF turned to BCL and Australia for assistance. One manager told me: “We did everything they [PNG security forces] asked of us to make their life more comfortable, and better able to manage through, with transport, communications, provisions, whatever, fuel. The 1988-1998 conflict on the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville saw use of WWII weapons. HAKO, Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea – In the northern coastal villages of Hako Constituency on Buka Island, in Papua New Guinea’s eastern autonomous region of Bougainville, life … In an effort to bring the rebels to heal, the PNG government, with encouragement from Australia and BCL, placed a military blockade around Bougainville during May 1990. By August 1989 BCL was satisfied that the rebels were on the back-foot, consequently they agreed to begin repairing the mine. Large protest in April 1988, the national government banned the media from entering Bougainville Consensus the! Ensued, which had shown itself as capable of atrocities as the defence after. The economy were confident the company did supply the defence force Rogers ( 2002 ) would. Were horrific copper Ltd, with Papua New Guinea: the Forgotten Human Tragedy! 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